玉米/蒜苗套作系统中土壤微生物和土壤酶状况分析

对玉米蒜苗套作根区进行隔膜、隔网和无隔处理以及各自单作处理,通过处理间的相互比较,分析影响套作产量的主要土壤因素。结果表明:套作蒜苗土壤微生物上升其主要原因是根系间的非接触物质交换;套作玉米除此外,地上部环境的改变也使根部土壤微生物数量上升。根系间的非接触效应还使蒜苗、玉米土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性提高,而环境因素的改变也使玉米过氧化氢酶,蒜苗脲酶活性提高。相关性分析表明:微生物对蒜苗根际土壤酶活性的影响大于对玉米土壤酶的影响。     

Cover crop effect on soil carbon fractions under conservation tillage cotton

Cover crops may influence soil carbon (C) sequestration and microbial biomass and activities by providing additional residue C to soil. We examined the influence of legume [crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)], nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)], blend [a mixture of legumes containing balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and crimson clover], and rye + blend mixture cover crops on soil C fractions at the 0–150 mm depth from 2001 to 2003. Active fractions of soil C included potential C mineralization (PCM) and microbial biomass C (MBC) and slow fraction as soil organic C (SOC). Experiments were conducted in Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) under dryland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in central Georgia and in Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) under irrigated cotton in southern Georgia, USA. Both dryland and irrigated cotton were planted in strip tillage system where planting rows were tilled, thereby leaving the areas between rows untilled. Total aboveground cover crop and cotton C in dryland and irrigated conditions were 0.72–2.90 Mg C ha⁻¹ greater in rye + blend than in other cover crops in 2001 but was 1.15–2.24 Mg C ha⁻¹ greater in rye than in blend and rye + blend in 2002. In dryland cotton, PCM at 50–150 mm was greater in June 2001 and 2002 than in January 2003 but MBC at 0–150 mm was greater in January 2003 than in June 2001. In irrigated cotton, SOC at 0–150 mm was greater with rye + blend than with crimson clover and at 0–50 mm was greater in March than in December 2002. The PCM at 0–50 and 0–150 mm was greater with blend and crimson clover than with rye in April 2001 and was greater with crimson clover than with rye and rye + blend in March 2002. The MBC at 0–50 mm was greater with rye than with blend and crimson clover in April 2001 and was greater with rye, blend, and rye + blend than with crimson clover in March 2002. As a result, PCM decreased by 21–24 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ but MBC increased by 90–224 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ from June 2001 to January 2003 in dryland cotton. In irrigated cotton, SOC decreased by 0.1–1.1 kg C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, and PCM decreased by 10 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with rye to 79 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with blend, but MBC increased by 13 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with blend to 120 g CO₂–C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ with crimson clover from April 2001 to December 2002. Soil active C fractions varied between seasons due to differences in temperature, water content, and substrate availability in dryland cotton, regardless of cover crops. In irrigated cotton, increase in crop C input with legume + nonlegume treatment increased soil C storage and microbial biomass but lower C/N ratio of legume cover crops increased C mineralization and microbial activities in the spring.     

影响安徽省土壤中有效钼含量的因素研究

试验结果表明，影响安徽省土壤有效钼含量的因素主要有：（１）成土母质的影响：硅质页岩和湖积物发育的土壤有效钼含量最高，其平均值分别为０．１７６和０．１５７μｇ／ｇ；而黄土沉积物，黄土古河（湖）沉积物及紫色砂岩发育的土壤有效钼含量最低，平均为０．００５－０．０７０μｇ／ｇ，此类母质发育的土壤有９０％的有效钼都在临界值０．１５μｇ／ｇ以下。（２）水，旱种植不同的影响：统计了１４０个种植水稻的水稻土壤有效     

Effects of vegetation regime on denitrification potential in two tropical volcanic soils

Effects of vegetation and nutrient availability on potentail denitrification rates were studied in two volcanic, alluvial-terrace soils in lowland Costa Rica that differ greatly in weathering stage and thus in availability of P and base cations. Potential denitrification rates were significantly higher in plots where vegetation had been left undisturbed than in plots where all vegetation had been removed continuously, and were higher on the less fertile of the two soils. The potential denitrification rates were correlated strongly with respiration rates, levels of mineralizable N, microbial biomass, and moisture content, and moderately well with concentrations of extractable NH _inf4 ^sup+ , Kjeldahl N, and total C. In all plots, denitrification rates were stimulated by the removal of O₂ and by the addition of glucose but not by the addition of water or NO _inf3 ^sup- .This is Paper 2772 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University     

碳酸钙与石膏对土壤磷及溶解有机碳淋溶的影响

研究碳酸钙与石膏对南澳大利亚典型土壤P和溶解有机碳淋溶的影响结果表明,碳酸钙可同时降低土壤P和溶解有机碳的淋溶,而石膏可降低土壤P淋溶和增加溶解有机碳的淋溶。     

施用玉米植株残体对土壤富里酸组成、结构及其变化的影响

采用元素分析和谱学方法对施入玉米植株残体后的土壤FA的变化进行了研究，结果表明，施入玉米植株残体后土壤FA的C、H、N含量均升高，而O的含量降低，并且C／H、O／C和C／N比值均降低。土壤中FA的羧基含量减少，芳香碳的含量下降，FA的氧化程度降低，芳香度显著下降，FA的分子结构向更为简单化的方向发展。同时，酰胺成分增加，脂族链烃结构成分明显增多。土壤FA与无机矿物质的结合能力相对减弱，FA上的羧基逐渐由羧酸盐的形式向游离的羧基形式过渡。玉米植株残体的加入使FA中糖类结构成分增加。对土壤中FA的影响，施入玉米秸秆和根系残体的处理有一定差别。     

云南12个地州植烟土壤养分状况与施肥对策

在云南省种烟的12个地州采集土样683个和烟叶样品进行分析化验,结果表明,云南土壤pH值总体上都在适宜范围,唯有思茅地区的pH值偏低;有机质和有效氮含量偏高;有效磷含量除了昆明和玉溪的偏高外,其它地区的在适宜或缺乏范围;尽管土壤中有效钾含量较高,但烟叶中钾含量仍然偏低,为此生产上提出了“控氮和补钾”的施肥措施,特别是土壤养分相对较贫乏的新烟区如思茅在生产上需适量增加施肥量并注意各种肥料的合理搭配。     

贵溪冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特性及评价

在对贵溪冶炼厂周边区域的农田土壤及生产的稻谷进行采样调查和数据处理分析的基础上,对农田土壤重金属污染特性和现状进行了监测和初步评价,结果表明:农田土壤重金属污染可能来源于贵溪冶炼厂废水的排放及尾矿渣的堆放,与灌溉水源无关;用国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行评价可知,农田土壤重金属的综合污染指数较高,土壤污染已处于重度污染等级,单项重金属污染指数表明Cu、Cd的含量已严重超标,并处于重度污染等级,Zn、Pb和As的含量未构成污染;水泉村、竹山村与所生产的稻谷三者之间呈显著或极显著正相关,即农田生态系统呈复合污染的趋势。     

Soil microbial, fungal, and nematode responses to soil fumigation and cover crops under potato production

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium) and 1,3 dichloropropene are widely used in potato production for the control of soil-borne pathogens, weeds, and plant parasitic nematodes that reduce crop yield and quality. Soil fumigation with metam sodium has been shown in microcosm studies to significantly reduce soil microbial populations and important soil processes such as C and N mineralization. However, few published data report the impact of metam sodium on microbial populations and activities in potato production systems under field conditions. Fall-planted white mustard (Brassica hirta) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) cover crops may serve as an alternative to soil fumigation. The effect of metam sodium and cover crops was determined on soil microbial populations, soil-borne pathogens (Verticillium dahliae, Pythium spp., and Fusarium spp.), free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes, and C and N mineralization potentials under potato production on five soil types in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Washington. Microbial biomass C was 8–23% greater in cover crop treatments compared to those fumigated with metam sodium among the soil types tested. Replacing fumigation with cover crops did not significantly affect C or N mineralization potentials. Cumulative N mineralized over a 49-day laboratory incubation averaged 18 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ soil across all soil types and treatments. There was a general trend for N mineralized from fumigated treatments to be lower than cover-cropped treatments. Soil fungal populations and free-living nematode levels were significantly lowered in fumigated field trials compared to cover-cropped treatments. Fumigation among the five soil types significantly reduced Pythium spp. by 97%, Fusarium spp. by 84%, and V. dahliae by 56% compared to the mustard cover crop treatment. The percentage of bacteria and fungi surviving fumigation was greater for fine- than coarse-textured soils, suggesting physical protection of organisms within the soil matrix or a reduced penetration and distribution of the fumigants. This suggests the potential need for a higher rate of fumigant to be used in fine-textured soils to obtain comparable reductions in soil-borne pathogens.     

Time and scale of gully erosion in the Jedliczny Dol gully system, south-east Poland

Key catchments of the Roztocze loess area in south-east Poland have a great potential of revealing the history of long-term soil erosion and changes in land use. The knowledge of how and when soil erosion took place in the past helps one understand the impact of land use changes on the landscapes [Bork, H.-R., 1989. Soil erosion during the past Millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. Catena 15, 121–131]. The Jedliczny Dol gully system near the town Zwierzyniec in south-east Poland was investigated by using detailed field stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and wood.In connection with new settlements which were established between the 14th and 16th centuries, arable land was cultivated and forests were used much more intensively. As a consequence, the loess soils were strongly eroded during heavy rainfalls. Up to 4 m of colluvial sediments were deposited in the gully system during the 15th and/or 16th centuries. The thickness of the colluvial sediments indicate severe erosion which might be related to excessive timber exploitation for the local glass and iron production. With the foundation of the so-called Ordinariat Zamoyski at the end of the 16th century, some parts of the area were presumably reforested. High pressure on the land at the beginning of the 19th century enabled a second main phase of gulling before 1900.Since 1890 at the latest, almost the whole catchment is used as a forest, however, concentrated runoff on compacted forest roads can still be high after heavy rainfalls.In loess areas soil erosion caused by intensive land use, triggered by heavy rainfalls, can change the landscape drastically. These changes will continue to influence how catchments react, even if land use gets less intensive again. This knowledge should be considered regarding future, sustainable land use and recent changes in land use in the south-eastern Polish loess regions.